{"id":5805,"date":"2024-05-23T21:42:29","date_gmt":"2024-05-23T18:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/?p=5805"},"modified":"2024-05-28T17:08:35","modified_gmt":"2024-05-28T14:08:35","slug":"dostoyevski-eserlerinde-rasyonel-egoizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/dostoyevski-eserlerinde-rasyonel-egoizm\/","title":{"rendered":"Dostoyevski Eserlerinde Rasyonel Egoizm"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Fyodor Dostoyevski, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus yazarlar\u0131ndan biri olarak edebiyat tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. Eserlerinde insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ahlaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve psikolojik derinliklerini i\u015flemesiyle tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Dostoyevski<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Rasyonel egoizm, bireyin kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde tutma felsefesidir. \u00d6zellikle 1860l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n Rusya’s\u0131nda \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin de bir toplum modeli olarak \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc felsefe; faydac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilimle temellendirmekteydi. \u00c7erni\u015fevski’ye g\u00f6re insan\u0131n sonsuz mutlulu\u011fa ula\u015fmas\u0131 kendi faydas\u0131na uygun hareket etmesi ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilirdi. 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda kom\u00fcnist ve materyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn de y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle bu “bilimsel” felsefe, Rusya’n\u0131n devrimci demokratlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda epeyce ilgi g\u00f6r\u00fcrken ilerde t\u00fcm zamanlara damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuracak bir edebiyat dehas\u0131, insan\u0131n bu denli basitle\u015ftirilemeyece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekle kalm\u0131yor, fikirlerini eserlerine titizlikle i\u015fliyordu.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeralt\u0131ndan Notlar – 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l, Ak\u0131l, Vicdan, \u0130nsan<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
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\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Yeralt\u0131ndan Notlar\u2019da Dostoyevski, Akl\u0131n; ki\u015fiyi kendi faydas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye itti\u011fini, bunun sonucunda ise ki\u015finin faydas\u0131 aleyhine bir \u015feyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemeyecek, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnse bile buna kar\u015f\u0131 bir eylemde bulunamayacak kadar mant\u0131ksal; bir o kadar, ki\u015fiyi insandan ay\u0131ran bir varl\u0131\u011fa evirdi\u011fini ortaya koyar. Zira determinizmden uzak bir evrenin unsurlar\u0131ndan olan insan da, basit denklemlerle a\u00e7\u0131klanamayacak d\u00fczeyde karma\u015f\u0131k ve belli parametrelere ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131ktan epeyce uzakt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu noktada Dostoyevski, insan\u0131 insanl\u0131ktan uzakla\u015ft\u0131ran akl\u0131 ve neticesindeki faydac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastal\u0131k<\/strong> olarak nitelendirir. \u00d6yle ki 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ak\u0131m propagandalar\u0131 i\u00e7inden s\u0131yr\u0131l\u0131p bizlere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini anlatmak i\u00e7in yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yeralt\u0131ndan Notlar kitab\u0131na \u201cBen hasta bir adam\u0131m.\u201d dizeleri ile ba\u015flar. Kitaptaki karakter, kendini ne kadar \u201chasta\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlasa da \u015fahsi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na olan eylemleri yapmakta diretmekte ve sonucunda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zarardan keyif almaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda yazar\u0131n sonradan yazaca\u011f\u0131 ve insan\u0131n i\u00e7sel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 derinden inceleyen Su\u00e7 ve Ceza kitab\u0131nda Raskolnikov, i\u015fledi\u011fi cinayete itafen \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yler: \u201cHastal\u0131k m\u0131 su\u00e7u do\u011furuyor yoksa su\u00e7 mu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dostoyevski<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
ca. 19th century — Portrait of Russian novelist Feodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881). Undated photograph. — Image by \u00a9 Bettmann\/CORBIS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Eylemlerinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rt edebilecek akla sahip olan kimselerin, faydac\u0131 toplum modeline uydu\u011fu vakit; \u015fahsi \u00e7\u0131kara uymayan eylemi yapmas\u0131 \u201cbilimsel\u201d olarak kabul g\u00f6rmedi\u011finden bu kimselerin tek se\u00e7ene\u011fi vard\u0131r: \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131na olan\u0131 uygulamak. Peki, tek bir se\u00e7enekli \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kimin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck tan\u0131m\u0131na uyar? \u0130nsan kendi k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc isteyemiyorsa, \u00f6zg\u00fcr irade ne i\u015fine yarar?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeralt\u0131ndan Notlar\u2019da daha \u00e7ok insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradesini \u00f6n plana koyan yazar; Su\u00e7 ve Ceza eserinde insan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc incelemekle beraber, hastal\u0131k vurgusunu pek \u00e7ok dizede yineler. \u201cToplumsal fayda\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ancak asl\u0131nda Raskolnikov\u2019un kendi ki\u015fisel faydas\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015flenen bir cinayetin nedeni ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 en az bizim kadar onu da merakland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, daha \u00f6nce rasyonel olarak ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 benli\u011fini vicdani olarak sorgulamas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan da Yeralt\u0131ndan Notlar, Dostoyevski\u2019nin di\u011fer karakterlerini anlama noktas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer te\u015fkil eder. Zira ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131ndaki karakterlerin ruhu da bu irrasyonel romantizmle ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Dostoyevski eserinde, bundan \u00f6nce politize toplumun par\u00e7as\u0131 konumunda olan insan\u0131, insan olarak inceleme cesaretini bulmu\u015f, ilerleyen senelerde ve \u00f6zellikle 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda, insan\u0131 bireysel olarak inceleyen egzistansiyalizm felsefesine de \u00f6nayak olmu\u015ftur.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fyodor Dostoyevski, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus yazarlar\u0131ndan biri olarak edebiyat tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. Eserlerinde insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ahlaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5864,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2477,12,353,534,1112,13,688,50,1113,3,690,1,102,689],"tags":[708,1331,711,686,685],"class_list":["post-5805","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ders-icerikleri","category-inekle","category-inekle-ogretmenleri-2","category-inekle-tv","category-kss","category-lys","category-mys","category-online-egitim","category-sks","category-tavsiyeler","category-tyt","category-uncategorized","category-vay-canina","category-yks","tag-ayt","tag-dostoyevski","tag-lgs","tag-tyt","tag-yks"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5805","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5805"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5805\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5864"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5805"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5805"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.inekle.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5805"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}